![]() For example, multidirectional wind regimes create pyramid-shaped dunes ( 1), and actions of water produce arches and bridges of rock ( 2). ![]() In nature, variations of wind and water flow can gradually form ordered structures and complex shapes, some of which are recognizable. The method allows programmable formation of shapes beyond the intrinsic limits of periodic patterning of the plate. We applied our method to a centrally actuated vibrating plate, also known as a Chladni plate, and assembled up to a hundred submillimeter particles into complex recognizable shapes. Our assembly method predicts, controls, and monitors the vibration-induced particle motion to iteratively minimize the difference between the desired shape and the actual particle distribution. In this study, we introduce a method that applies time-varying and spatially nonlinear vibration fields to assemble particles into a desired two-dimensional shape. However, methods directing the assembly process by controlling time-varying external stimuli instead of attaining the lowest-energy state remain largely unexplored. ![]() In contrast, most artificial methods of externally directed assembly rely on field- or template-based energy minimization. In nature, simple building units can be assembled into complex shapes through long-term time-varying external stimuli that are often spatially nonlinear.
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